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Places where I tap many ideas from: (they are all websites maintain by some of the best geography teacher in the world. Hope I get to meet them someday) [] https://ibgeog2009.wikispaces.com/ http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Homepage [] (paid subscription required)

**Section A**
There are four compulsory short answer questions covering each of the four topics within the core theme. • The questions are subdivided into parts. The first part requires knowledge and understanding and the subsequent part or parts require knowledge and understanding, and application and analysis. The command terms used in each question indicate the depth required. • Each question is worth 10–12 marks and is subdivided. • The maximum for this section is 45 marks. • Responses are assessed with an analytic markscheme specific to the question paper that indicates the required responses and allocation of marks.

• Students are required to answer one extended response question from a choice of three. • The questions require a broad treatment of the content and may integrate topics across the core. • The questions require knowledge and understanding, application and analysis, and synthesis and evaluation. • The command terms used in each question indicate the depth required. • The maximum for this section is 15 marks. • Responses are assessed with an analytic markscheme specific to the question paper and with the paper 1 section B markbands. Overall, the maximum for this paper is 60 marks. = The Key Questions: = Explain population trends and patterns in births (Crude Birth Rate), natural increase and mortality (Crude Death Rate, infant and child mortality rates), fertility and life expectancy in contrasting regions of the world. Analyse population pyramid. Explain population momentum and its impact on population projections.
 * Section B**
 * Topic1: Populations in transition ||
 * Population Change

Responses to high and low fertility Explain dependency and ageing ratios. Examine the impacts of youthful and ageing populations. Evaluate examples of a pro-natalist policy and an anti-natalist policy.

Movement Responses – Migration Discuss the causes of migrations, both forced and voluntary. Evaluate internal (national) and international migrations in terms of their geographic (socio‑economic, political and environmental) impacts at their origins and destinations.

Gender and Change Examine gender inequalities in culture, status, education, birth ratios, health, employment, empowerment, life expectancy, family size, migration, legal rights and land tenure. || Define indices of infant mortality, education, nutrition, income, marginalization and human development index (HDI). Explain the value of the indices in measuring disparities across the globe.
 * Tropic 2: Disparities in wealth and development ||
 * Measurements of regional and global disparities

Origin of disparity Explain disparities and inequities that occur within countries resulting from ethnicity, residence, parental education, income, employment (formal and informal) and land ownership. Identify and explain the changing patterns and trends of regional and global disparities of life expectancy, education and income. Examine the progress made in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in poverty reduction, education and health.

Reducing disparities Discuss the different ways in which disparities can be reduced with an emphasis on trade and market access, debt relief, aid and remittances. Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce disparities. || Describe the functioning of the atmospheric system in terms of the energy balance between solar and long wave radiation. Explain the changes in this balance due to external forces (changes in solar radiation, changes in the albedo of the atmosphere and changes in the long wave radiation returned to space). Discuss the causes and environmental consequences of global climate change.
 * Topic 3: Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability ||
 * Atmosphere and Change

Soil and Change Explain the causes of soil degradation. Discuss the environmental and socio-economic consequences of this process, together with management strategies.

Water and Change Identify the ways in which water is utilized at the regional scale. Examine the environmental and human factors affecting patterns and trends in physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity. Examine the factors affecting access to safe drinking water.

Biodiversity and change Explain the concept and importance of biodiversity in tropical rainforests. Examine the causes and consequences of reduced biodiversity in this biome.

Sustainability and the environment Define the concept of environmental sustainability. Evaluate a management strategy at a local or national scale designed to achieve environmental sustainability. || Evaluate the ecological footprint as a measure of the relationship between population size and resource consumption. Identify international variations in its size. Discuss the two opposing views (neo-Malthusian and anti-Malthusian) of the relationship between population size and resource consumption.
 * Topic 4: Patterns in resource consumption ||
 * Patterns of resource Consumption

Patterns of resource consumption Examine the global patterns and trends in the production and consumption of oil. Examine the geopolitical and environmental impacts of these changes in patterns and trends. Examine the changing importance of other energy sources.

Conservation strategies Discuss the reduction of resource consumption by conservation, waste reduction, recycling and substitution. Evaluate a strategy at a local or national scale aimed at reducing the consumption of one resource ||

Paper 2 Duration: 1 Hour 20 minutes
For each of the seven optional themes there is a choice of two questions; all questions are structured and worth 20 marks. The first parts, of which there are at least two, add up to 10 marks but the marks for each part differ according to the demands of the question. The last part is always worth 10 marks. Earlier parts of the question are related and test knowledge and understanding, and application and analysis. The last part, which may or may not be directly related to earlier parts, draws on content learned from across the theme and tests synthesis and evaluation. It requires extended writing. The command terms used in each question indicate the depth required.

The title of each theme is given on the paper (two questions on each theme). • Students must answer one question from two optional themes; that is, they must produce two responses in total. • Students must choose one question from one theme and not answer two questions from the same theme. • The maximum for each question is 20 marks. Overall, the maximum for paper 2 is 40 marks.

**Option 1 urban Settlements**
Explain the processes of centripetal movements (rural–urban migration, gentrification, re-urbanization/urban renewal). Explain the processes of centrifugal movements (suburbanization, counter-urbanization, urban sprawl). Explain the contribution of natural change to patterns of population density within urban areas. Explain the global increase in the number and location of megacities (population over 10 million). || Examine patterns of urban poverty and deprivation (such as slums, squatter settlements, areas of low-cost housing and inner-city areas). Examine the causes and effects of the movement of socio-economic groups since the 1980s. Explain the spatial pattern of economic activity, the zoning of urban and suburban functions and the internal structure of the central business district (CBD). Describe the informal sector; its characteristics and location in urban areas. Examine the causes and effects of the movement of retailing, service and manufacturing activities to new locations, including brownfield sites. || Examine the other symptoms of urban stress including congestion, overcrowding and noise, depletion of green space, waste overburden, poor quality housing, social deprivation, crime and inequality. || • inputs—energy, water, people, materials, products, food (urban agriculture) • outputs—solid, atmospheric and liquid waste, noise, people. Distinguish between a sustainable circular system where inputs are reduced and outputs are recycled and an unsustainable (open/linear) city system with uncontrolled inputs and outputs. Referring to at least two city case studies, discuss the concepts of: • sustainable city management • the urban ecological footprint. • Sustainable strategies Evaluate one case study of each of the following. • One socially sustainable housing management strategy. • One environmentally sustainable pollution management strategy. • One strategy to control rapid city growth resulting from in-migration. ||
 * 1. Urban populations ||
 * Define urbanization and explain the variation in global growth rates and patterns.
 * 2. Urban land use ||
 * Explain the location of residential areas in relation to wealth, ethnicity and family status (stage in life cycle).
 * 3. Urban stress ||
 * Examine the effects of structures and human activity on urban microclimates, including the urban heat island effect and air pollution.
 * 4. The sustainable city ||
 * Describe the city as a system in terms of:

Option 2 Oceans and Coast
Describe the main features of oceanic crust and ocean floor morphology. Explain the occurrence of oceanic volcanic features, trenches, transform faults, mid-ocean ridges and rifts in terms of plate margins. Describe the horizontal and vertical spatial variations in the temperature and salinity of ocean water. || Explain the atmosphere–oceanic interactions associated with ENSO. Explain the El Niño and La Niña phenomena and their climatic, environmental and economic effects. Examine the role of oceans as a store and source of carbon dioxide (CO2). || Examine the spatial and temporal consequences of overfishing. Evaluate a case study of a conservation policy implemented to provide sustainable fish yields. Describe the sources and distribution of pollution in the oceans. Discuss the implications of the pollution of oceans by the disposal of radioactive material, oil and chemical waste. || Examine a geopolitical conflict in relation to an oceanic resource, other than fishing. (Oil) ||
 * 1. Introduction to oceans ||
 * Describe the distribution of oceans and ocean currents.
 * 2. Oceans and climate ||
 * Explain the thermal transfers of energy within oceans and the importance of oceanic conveyor belts.
 * 3. The value of oceans ||
 * Identify the biotic and abiotic resources of continental shelves, oceans and ocean floor deposits.
 * 4. Geopolitics of oceans ||
 * Discuss the sovereignty rights of nations in relation to territorial limits and exclusive economic zones (EEZ).
 * 5. Coastal margins ||
 * Examine the relationship between coastal processes (tides, wave action, littoral drift, wind action), lithology, subaerial processes and different coastal landforms. ||

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